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Children's engagement with the internet has exploded. From education to social media, companies have offered products and services that-far from being mere distractions for children-have increasingly become necessities. These necessities are most keenly felt in the EdTech world. As companies in the United States rely on the verifiable parental consent required by the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) to collect and use minors' data, reviewing boilerplate waivers of liability and consent forms for children's online activities has thus become part of parenting. This piece argues that under the common law tradition of protecting the best interests of the child, when it comes to protecting children's digital privacy, relying solely on parental consent is insufficient and ill-suited. This work compares parental consent forms for children's online activities to parental waivers for tort liability for physical injuries suffered by children. In the latter, courts have not reached a consensus on whether such contracts are enforceable or altogether void. However, most courts have struck down such waivers as against public policy in commercial settings. By relying on courts ' decisions regarding the role of parents in protecting the best interests of the child when faced with a child's physical injury, this piece argues that public policy should have to force to override parental consent as it pertains to the protection of a minor's digital privacy and their use of EdTech tools. It thus encourages lawmakers at the federal and state levels to move away from a parental consent apparatus and instead put forward new measures for the protection of children's digital privacy. It further illustrates that, despite COPPA, common law privacy torts are not fully preempted. Adopting the approach proposed in this work will also motivate companies to be more vigilant towards handling minors' data to avoid potential lawsuits. It will further encourage a market for competition between socially responsible companies that would prioritize children's privacy over an endless list of corporate interests.
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PurposeCitizens often perceive surveillance by government authorities as oppressive and, hence, demonstrate reluctance in value co-creation from such services. This study aims to investigate the challenges and benefits of citizen empowerment through technology-driven surveillance or "smart surveillance.”Design/methodology/approachGuided by Dynamic Capability theory, the authors conduct in-depth interviews with officers in-charge of surveillance in smart cities. Given the contemporary advancements, this approach allows a retrospective and real-time understanding of interviewees' experiences with smart surveillance.FindingsThe authors develop five propositions for citizen empowerment through smart surveillance to summarize the findings of this study.Research limitations/implicationsThis study advances the relevance of Dynamic Capability in public administration.Practical implicationsSmart city authorities and policymakers may leverage the insights provided in this study to design appropriate policies for smart surveillance.Originality/valueThe authors find that factors such as digital technology and infrastructure, information management, skill divide and perceived return on investment may influence citizen empowerment through smart surveillance.
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PurposePresident Cyril Ramaphosa, in his 2018 State of the Nation Address, stated that "Thieves who are stealing public funds should be arrested and prosecuted”, and called for lifestyle audits of public-sector employees. The gross misuse of COVID-19 relief funds by public officials indicated the urgent need to execute these audits as an anti-corruption measure. This paper aims to provide a review of the existing state of affairs with regard to the application of lifestyle audits in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis paper critically analyses the literature available on the current position of South Africa concerning lifestyle audits in the public sector, based on the mandates of some of the anti-corruption agencies that could be responsible for the conducting and processing of such audits.FindingsSouth Africa has only recently seen a framework for applying lifestyle audits, developed by the Department of Public Service and Administration. Although these first steps in developing a standard practice are laudable, the practical process of dealing with misconduct and/or criminal matters remains to be seen. It is recommended that South Africa consider a legislative approach to dealing with unlawfully obtained wealth by either criminalising the act of illicit enrichment (per the United Nations Convention Against Corruption) or creating an Unexplained Wealth Order, as seen, for example, in the UK.Originality/valueSouth Africa is in dire need of addressing corruption in the public sector. Despite lifestyle audits being called for, the lack of proper implementation is negating any positive outcomes. Therefore, alternative solutions should be investigated.
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During the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a rapid shift in global transaction patterns from offline to online digital payment models, along with a growing interest in the development of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) in various countries. This article spotlights the unexamined issue of digital currency regulation by examining the practice and related regulatory rules of the pilot CBDC in China. Beginning with the global design choices of digital currencies, the article comparatively examines the technical design of China's CBDC, known as e-CNY. It further triggers a rethinking of conventional regulations for the protection of digital currency information by investigating the gap between the actual operation and design of e-CNY, as well as the gap between pilot policies and legal provisions such as the Cybersecurity Law, the Data Security Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law. This article argues that, on the one hand, the legislative balance between the protection of personal information and the regulation of illicit financial activities involved in the "loosely coupled account link” system of e-CNY should be reconsidered. On the other hand, the delineation of rights and responsibilities between dissemination institutions, payment service providers, and end-users needs to be further redefined and clarified.
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The global pandemic changed many things from the way we do business to how we consume services. This article examines participation in various online activities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, participant opinions about security and privacy opinions are compared in survey results before and after pandemic lockdowns. Responses to questions covering online activities and perceptions about privacy and security from the NTIA Computer and Internet Use Survey from November 2019 and 2021 were analyzed using Chi Square tests. Findings indicate that participation in online activities increased across most categories and that opinions of online security and privacy changed as well. Participants were less concerned about security risks like identity theft and banking fraud and were more concerned with privacy issues of data tracking by online services and the government.
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[...]shifting ideologies surrounding "the family” inform and carry implications for economic, political, cultural, and social practices and activities. [...]of this dominance and influence of the family, this special issue centers on family-focused library and information science (LIS) research and is borne from conversations and reflections posed at a 2019 iConference Session for Interaction and Engagement of the same name. [...]in "Students and Parents: How Academic Libraries Serve a Growing Population,” Marta Bladek employs multiple sources of data to draw attention to the challenges and barriers postsecondary students who are also parents must contend with as they attempt to access academic library services and supports. [...]the articles in this issue also highlight the diverse areas within LIS that may be enriched by a consideration of the family context, including the study of information practices (Han;McKenzie;Ortiz-Myers and Costello), archival practices and personal information management (Krtalić, Dinneen, Liew, and Goulding), consumer health information (Charbonneau and Akers), reader response theory (Velez), early literacy (Prendergast and Sharkey), and library service provision (Bladek).
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Due to the rise of severe and acute infections called Coronavirus 19, contact tracing has become a critical subject in medical science. A system for automatically detecting diseases aids medical professionals in disease diagnosis to lessen the death rate of patients. To automatically diagnose COVID-19 from contact tracing, this research seeks to offer a deep learning technique based on integrating a Bayesian Network and K-Anonymity. In this system, data classification is done using the Bayesian Network Model. For privacy concerns, the K-Anonymity algorithm is utilized to prevent malicious users from accessing patients' personal information. The dataset for this system consisted of 114 patients. The researchers proposed methods such as the K-Anonymity model to remove personal information. The age group and occupations were replaced with more extensive categories such as age range and numbers of employed and unemployed. Further, the accuracy score for the Bayesian Network with k-Anonymity is 97.058%, which is an exceptional accuracy score. On the other hand, the Bayesian Network without k-Anonymity has an accuracy score of 97.1429%. These two have a minimal percent difference, indicating that they are both excellent and accurate models. The system produced the desired results on the currently available dataset. The researchers can experiment with other approaches to address the problem statements in the future by utilizing other algorithms besides the Bayesian one, observing how they perform on the dataset, and testing the algorithm with undersampled data to evaluate how it performs. In addition, researchers should also gather more information from various sources to improve the sample size distribution and make the model sufficiently fair to generate accurate predictions. © 2022 IEEE.
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According to Block & Kremen (1996), the adaptive competencies of individuals vary greatly in their ability to perceive and balance the ever-changing world. [...]of this calculation, it was found that it was neces- sary to reach a minimum of 384 people. [...]descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, standard deviation, frequency) were determined, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used, the skewness-kurtosis values were examined, and it was determined that the dataset was not normally distributed (p<0.05). According to Table 1, when the average of both scale scores was evaluated, it can be argued that both the relational interdependent self-con-strual
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Background: COVID-19 is a public health emergency and has caused traumatic experiences among nurses worldwide. However, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in frontline nurses, and affecting factors such as demographics or working conditions have largely remained unknown. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the levels of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress of frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and related risk factors. Methodology: A web-based survey was conducted in a cross-sectional design. A total of 244 nurses working with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were selected using convenience sampling. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Results: Of the participants, 48% had anxiety levels higher than the cut-off value, 68% had high depression levels, and 51.2% had high post-traumatic stress levels. The inadequate organizational support was determined as a predictor of anxiety and of depression. For each one point increase in working hours per week, there was a 1 % increase in depression. Two predictors of post-traumatic stress were the unit where nurses worked and having had colleagues diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusions: This study found that during the COVID-19 pandemic nurses had high levels of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. It was concluded that the most striking predictors affecting nurses' mental health were number of weekly working hours and the level of received organizational support. The study contributes to the literature for planning psychosocial interventions that can be implemented to frontline nurses.
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Hygiene is the most useful public health measure for preventing infections of important endemic and emerging diseases of global significance. This study aimed to assess the impact of these public health preventive measures on dirty hand diseases. A retrospective survey was conducted in the rural general hospitals of Taabo (south-central Côte d'Ivoire) and Marcory (urban Abidjan) to collect clinical data on dirty hand diseases in the patients' records from 2013 to 2020. In addition, focus group discussions (N = 8) were conducted in the communities in both settings to identify the sociocultural and economic hindering or fostering factors that affected the adoption of and the compliance with handwashing and disinfection practices. A total of 3245 and 8154 patients' records were examined in the general hospitals of Taabo and Marcory, respectively. Compared with women, men were more affected by typhoid fever (OR, 0.68 [95%CI, 0.53–0.88]) and influenza (OR, 0.87 [95%CI, 0.75–1]). Hygiene measures promoted during Ebola and COVID-19 outbreaks had no impact on the prevalence of typhoid fever in both settings;however, a positive impact was observed regarding influenza infections. Populations were aware of the importance of handwashing for public health but had difficulties adhering due to financial constraints, access to drinking water, and the absence or scarcity of handwashing facilities.
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Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has affected nursing education as well as all areas of life. Clinical practices are an important part of nursing education and students continue their clinical practice by providing appropriate conditions and student safety. Aim: This study was conducted to find out the relationship between perceptions and attitudes towards Covid-19 and clinical stress of nursing students who participated in clinical practice during the pandemic process. Methodology: This study was conducted with a descriptive and cross-sectional design. A total of 240 fourth year nursing students studying at a university in Turkey, who accepted to participate in the study and who participated in clinical practice in March-April 2021 were included in the study. This study carried out with 218 fourth year students. "Personal Information Form", "Clinical Stress Questionnaire" and "Perceptions and Attitudes towards Covid-19 Pandemic Questionnaire" were used in data collection. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21.00 statistical package program. Descriptive tests and Pearson correlation test were used to evaluate the data. Results: Mean age of the students was 22.30±1.07 and 75.7% were female. It was found that 22% of the students had been infected with Covid 19 and 75.2% were vaccinated. Positive, low and significant relationship was found between students' clinical stress and perception of disease, danger, perception of causes, conspiracy, environment, belief, personal control, avoidance behaviors, cognitive avoidance and avoidance of common areas (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was found that the perceptions and attitudes of nursing students towards the Covid 19 pandemic were correlated with students' clinical practice stress.
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PurposeCommunity health is placed under the limelight during the COVID-19 crisis, providing a unique context for investigating citizens' health-privacy tradeoff in accepting social surveillance technology. To elucidate this tradeoff dilemma, an extended privacy calculus framework integrated with the Health Belief Model, legislative protection, and individual collectivism was examined using the case of national contact-tracing apps.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses were tested through PLS-SEM analysis with data collected from a survey on Bluezone – a national app in Vietnam.FindingsThe results indicated the negative impact of privacy concerns, which was offset by the positive effect of perceived benefits in using contact-tracing apps. The effect size of perceived benefits on usage frequency was twice as large as that of privacy concerns. Individual collectivism was revealed as a mitigator of the tradeoff dilemma, as it was positively associated with perceived benefits, whereas legislative protection had no such role. Citizens may perceive legislation protection as invalid when the technologies are developed, implemented, and monitored by the authorities.Originality/valueThe theoretical contributions lie in the extension of the privacy calculus model as well as its application in the context of mobile health apps and surveillance technology. The study empirically corroborated that the privacy calculus theory holds when technologies move along the pervasiveness spectrum. This study also provided actionable insights for policymakers and developers who advocate the mass acceptance of national contact-tracing apps.
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Objective: It was planned to investigate the anxiety experienced by women of reproductive age during the pandemic and their attitudes towards family planning. Method: A descriptive and correlational study was conducted across the country between June and August 2021 with women of reproductive age, sexually active, without sexual dysfunction and anxiety disorder. "Personal Information Form", "State-Trait Anxiety Scale" and "Family Planning Attitude Scale" were used to collect data. Results: The mean age of the women participating in the study was 31.96±7.48 years, and the majority (38.2%) use condoms as a family planning method. Anxiety total scale score average was 102.17±23.48 and Family Planning Attitude Scale total score average was 129.19±20.67. There was a weak negative correlation between the Anxiety Total score of women and the Attitude of the Society towards Family Planning sub-dimension score (r:- .341, p:.000), and a very weak negative statistically significant relationship between the Family Planning Attitude Scale score (r:-.242, p:.000). Conclusion: It was found that the state anxiety levels of women were higher than the trait anxiety levels during the pandemic period, and it was determined that high anxiety had a negative effect on family planning attitudes.
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Health care prosperity is the most challenging task for human being in the present dangerous COVID scenario and the discovery proposes an augmented reality based personalized smart diet assistance system which provides diet recommendations, appropriate time, type, quantity and method of consumption of a food item diet based on user health parameters based on location and event activities. The augmented reality based system comprises a user data input, an image processing, food consumption assistance, transmissible disease information retrieval and diet planning modules. The system incorporates an AI based camera to scan a food item before or after cooking and utilizes augmented reality to indicate the nutritional information. The proposed system provides personalized diet recommendations to the user based on personal data such as height, weight, existing medical conditions and thereof of a user. The system retrieves existing transmissible diseases data from world health organizations and data from news articles about any viral infections or diseases to suggest immunity boosting foods to the user to thereby safeguard the user against such diseases or infections.
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Privacy in Electronic Health Records (EHR) has become a significant concern in today's rapidly changing world, particularly for personal and sensitive user data. The sheer volume and sensitive nature of patient records require healthcare providers to exercise an intense quantity of caution during EHR implementation. In recent years, various healthcare providers have been hit by ransomware and distributed denial of service attacks, halting many emergency services during COVID-19. Personal data breaches are becoming more common day by day, and privacy concerns are often raised when sharing data across a network, mainly due to transparency and security issues. To tackle this problem, various researchers have proposed privacy-preserving solutions for EHR. However, most solutions do not extensively use Privacy by Design (PbD) mechanisms, distributed data storage and sharing when designing their frameworks, which is the emphasis of this study. To design a framework for Privacy by Design in Electronic Health Records (PbDinEHR) that can preserve the privacy of patients during data collection, storage, access and sharing, we have analysed the fundamental principles of privacy by design and privacy design strategies, and the compatibility of our proposed healthcare principles with Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA), Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). To demonstrate the proposed framework, ‘PbDinEHR', we have implemented a Patient Record Management System (PRMS) to create interfaces for patients and healthcare providers. In addition, to provide transparency and security for sharing patients' medical files with various healthcare providers, we have implemented a distributed file system and two permission blockchain networks using the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and Ethereum blockchain. This allows us to expand the proposed privacy by design mechanisms in the future to enable healthcare providers, patients, imaging labs and others to share patient-centric data in a transparent manner. The developed framework has been tested and evaluated to ensure user performance, effectiveness, and security. The complete solution is expected to provide progressive resistance in the face of continuous data breaches in the patient information domain.
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When you pick up the paper (or, more likely, pick out a blog post), it tells you that the COVID-19 pandemic changed every aspect of how we relate to one another. This misses the point. The pandemic has not changed everything--but it has aggravated and stressed resource gaps in the US. One example is the desperate need for improved Internet access and increased infrastructure. For years, activists and politicians have urged us to recognize internet access as a public utility. These calls are particularly poignant as our activities are forced online. We go to work, school, the bank, the tax preparer, and the courtroom--all from a networked device. This Note questions the precarious position of our right to privacy in the present world where one realistically opt-out of Internet service without losing access to fundamental services necessary for day-to-day life.
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Since COVID-19 has been spread out in December 2019, it has impacted the world's economy significantly. As of other countries, there are several businesses in Thailand were directly affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 especially in tourism industry which is one of the major revenues in previous years. The new ways to live with COVID-19 such as social distancing, hand washing, or mask wearing have been promoted by the government ever since. Moreover, a few campaigns have been launched to support people in this difficult time including "We Travel Together " which is mainly focused on tourism. However, some questions also arise whether this campaign is sufficed for boosting the tourism industry, what are the tourist behavior, opinion, and motivation factors during this time because no one knows how long the situation will resume to normal and when COVID-19 will be last. The findings show that during COVID-19 situation, respondents mostly travelled to Central region of Thailand with rate of frequency of 1-4 times, the majority of respondents chose sightseeing (63.7%) over other types of tourism, and respondents mostly were motivated by Relax/Escape (Mean = 4.12) which is one of the 13 motivational factors from Travel Career Pattern model (Pearce & Lee, 2005). This refers to tourism during COVID-19 situation is still needed as long as tourism is available and the motivation can be met.
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Objective: To analyze the perception of health in primary care patients of the health department 21 during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. Held in the Department of Health 21 (Alicante-Spain) from February 23, 2021, to May 15, 2021. A total of 243 users participated. A semi-structured interview was used, taking as a reference the information from the Valencian Community Health Survey Adapted. The variable result of the perception of health in patients was considered. The inclusion criteria considered 18-year-olds who were served during the COVID-19 pandemic and who wanted to participate in the study. Results: The ages were comprised between 20 and 94, years with an average of 64.55 years (SD 19.97). In the perception of health, we highlight the group of women who reported having a worse health (69%) during the last 12 months and major problems to walk (59.2%). Our results indicate a significant association in the social resources used for the activities of daily life (p<0.001) and teleassistance (p<0.043). Conclusion: On a practical level, if we have an account of life expectancy in the population, associated comorbidities and health care in the pandemic period, we can decide that the perception of health is worse in women. Despite all these factors, satisfaction with health services during the pandemic is satisfactory.Alternate :Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de la salud en los pacientes de atención primaria del departamento de salud 21 durante el período epidémico de la COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal. Realizado en el Departamento de Salud 21 (Alicante-España) en los meses del 23 de febrero de 2021 al 15 de mayo de 2021. Participaron un total de 243 usuarios. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada, tomando como referencia la información del Cuestionario de Salud de la Comunidad Valenciana Adaptado. Se consideró la variable resultado la percepción de la salud en los pacientes. Los criterios de inclusión tomaron en cuenta a personas mayores de 18 años que fueran atendidas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y que quisieran participar en el estudio. Resultados: Las edades estuvieron comprendidas entre los 20 y 94, años con una media de 64,55 años (DE 19,97). En la percepción de la salud, destacamos el grupo de las mujeres donde refieren tener una peor salud (69%) durante los últimos 12 meses y mayores problemas para caminar (59,2%). Nuestros resultados indican asociación significativa en los recursos sociales utilizados para las actividades de la vida cotidiana (p<0,001) y la teleasistencia (p<0,043). Conclusión: A nivel práctico, si tenemos en cuenta la esperanza de vida en la población, las comorbilidades asociadas y la asistencia sanitaria en el periodo pandémico, podemos decir que la percepción de la salud es peor en las mujeres. A pesar de todos estos factores, la satisfacción con los servicios sanitarios en periodo pandémico es satisfactoria.
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A COVID-19 pandemic struck a major section of the world's population in 2020, causing governments in various countries to put in place a range of tracking measures to identify and locate persons afflicted with the virus. While the government installs PeduliLindungi, a tracking application, there are always concerns over the reliability, personal information and data privacy recorded in the system. People might also be reluctant to use technology because of the ease of use. The purpose of this research is then to investigate the factors that have an impact on the likelihood that Indonesians will use the PeduliLindungi application. The UTAUT2 Theory was used as the overarching framework for this research. This theory takes into account a number of different aspects, some of which are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social impact, an enabling environment, habit, and perceived privacy credibility. Purposive sampling, as well as a quantitative (survey) technique, were used in this study. In this technique, online questionnaires were issued to Indonesian residents who were aware of or had heard about the PeduliLindungi monitoring initiative, yielding 89 valid responses. The data show that the intention to use the PeduliLindungi application has a favorable and strong relationship with four variables. Social influence, facilitating conditions, habit, and perceived privacy credibility are examples of these characteristics. However, it was discovered that performance and effort expectations had no association with the intention to use the specific tracking instrument. This work adds to the field of media information technology studies by presenting the concept of perceived privacy credibility as a key construct for developing the UTAUT2 Theory in respect to the Internet of Things (IoT). This theory provides relevant ways for tracking suspicious patients for government authorities, medical professionals, and healthcare providers. © 2022 IEEE.
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PurposeConsumers interacting with smart wearable devices is on the rise in the current health-AI market, which offers a great opportunity for companies to execute interactive marketing. However, this opportunity is mainly reliant on consumers' use of smart wearable devices. This paper aims to develop a model considering health and privacy factors to elucidate consumers' use of smart wearable devices for unleashing their full potential in interactive marketing.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected 250 samples via an online survey to validate the smart wearable devices usage model that elucidates factors that stimulate consumer usage, including privacy concerns, health consciousness and consumer innovativeness. The authors used structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis to test the hypotheses.FindingsPrivacy concerns of consumers have a negative effect on smart wearable devices usage, while health consciousness positively impacts consumers' usage of smart wearable devices. Consumer innovativeness indirectly affects smart wearable devices usage via effort expectancy. Experienced consumers are less sensitive to the performance expectancy but more affected by effort expectancy regarding smart wearable devices.Originality/valueThe present study contributes to the literature stream of health-AI usage by unraveling the impacts of privacy concerns and health consciousness and examining the moderating role of prior experience. The findings suggest marketers in the health-AI industry should endeavor to build transparent and sound privacy protection mechanisms and promote smart wearable devices by fostering health awareness of potential consumers.